The evidence for incomplete filling are all the studies cited in the phys texts I quoted. I don't have the time or inclination to do any more literature reviews tonight. However, you needn't believe those if you go down to the echocardiography lab in your hospital, where you could probably even see it for yourself. That is how it is done. You can only get x amount of fluid though an area of y so fast at physiologic pressures.

I don't know for sure the precise anatomic location where the flow back into the heart limited, so I won't speculate. I will ask my friendly neighborhood cardiologist when I run into him in the ER later, or will check one of those echo texts if I can keep my eyes open.

Why is it that everyone seems to have an "undergraduate" understanding of physiology but you? You malign Coggan, but he *is* fairly well respected in his field, and has published extensively. And the texts I am quoting have been written by people with *lots* of postgrad training, based on papers written by people with as much training. Astrand is the grandfather of sports physiology. But you still persist in this line of physiologic commentary, and still have not provided any support for such.
Citations, please, or give it up. *You* are the one proposing mechanisms that we cannot find literature to support.

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Dr. Philip Skiba
Scientific Training for Endurance Athletes now available on Amazon!