We know there are trillions of planets. The real question is where is everyone? SETI has been listening for 60 years. There’s nothing.
My guess is that we are far overestimating the probability of human like intelligence evolving, or lasting very long if it does. There are just a number of contingencies that needed to happen for us to evolve that appear to be pretty rare, if not unique, in the natural world. We could be a 1 in trillion planet phenomenon.
If life on Earth is indicative of what’s normal it’s that life in the Universe is most likely to be single celled and when multicellularity evolves it’s going to produce “dumb” beings.
There’s the Drake equation:
N = R* x f(p) x n(e) x f(1) x f(i) x f(c) x L
R* is the rate of star formation in the galaxy
f(p) is the fraction/rate of those stars that have planets
n(e) is the average number of planets that can support life per star that has planets
f(1) is the fraction of planets that CAN support life WILL support life
f(i) is the fraction of life that is intelligent
f(c) is the fraction of intelligent life that develop technology that releases signs into space
L is the length of time those civilizations release signals into space
If we have a number of planets, we’d have to modify the equation to drop R* and f(p) (total of that is 300 trillion for this purpose). The Keppler mission estimates there are up to 40B planets that could support life in the Milky Way with 100B stars in the galaxy, making n(e) = 0.4.
300T x 0.4 x f(1) x f(i) x f(c) x L
A lot of really smart people say f(1) = 1, noting that Mars, Europa, Titan, and Enceladus (Saturn moon) all developed independent life.
f(i) is the first really hard one. Some people say it should be 1. Other people say Earth is very, very rare. If we take the solar system as a model, f(i) = 0.2. SETI proposes f(i) = 0.002
f(c)???
L. A couple theorists say either 304 or 420 years - the average Earth civilization: 420 for 60 historic civilizations, 304 if you just measure 28 civilizations since Rome. Others have theorized L could equal millions of years, that once a civilization advances past it’s self destruction, it’s indefinite. Sagan used Drake’s equation as a basis for environmental protection and nuclear proliferation.
But f(c) and L are if we find them/they find us. Without f(c) and L, we could estimate how many intelligent civilizations have existed in the Universe.
300T (3x10^12) x 0.4 x 1 x 0.2 x ? x ? = 2.4 x 10^11. 24 trillion civilizations
300T x 0.4 x 1 x 0.002 x ? x ? = 2,400,000,000 civilizations. 2.4B
OK, so 2.4 billion, that’s a lot. BUT the universe is about 13.78 billion years old. And the universe is big, we can see a 8.8 x 10^26 m diameter (608.2 x 10^51 m^2 ). That’s a lot of places to hide.
Then do they want to talk to us? Can we hear them if they did? Are they all dead? Have they not existed yet?