Using a Power meter and a lot of repetitions I found a helmet is good for about 15-20 seconds per 10K. I found a front 60mm was worth about 10-12 seconds and a rear 60mm with a wheel cover was about 12-15 seconds per 10K. Combined effect of wheels about 20 seconds. Adding the aero helmet nets you another few seconds but not as much as it measures when you just add the helmet.
Training wheels were just 32/36 spoke box rims with butyl tubes and conti training tires. Race wheels were Mich ProRace 2 with latex tubes, so some of the speed benefit of the race wheels was in the tires and tubes.
If you are using tubulars on the wheels then they better be fast tubulars and well-glued or you might actually be losing some speed compared to your clincher training wheels.
There’s a really good article in the September '05 or '06 Bicycling! magazine. They interviewed the MIT team that won the NCAA team time trial. The MIT team had acces to a low speed wind tunnel. I’m getting old, so I may be remembering incorrectly, but here what they said.
Aero helmet was the first place to save time. More than a front wheel and about 25% of the cost.
Aero front wheel next
Then disc rear.
No gloves!
Ride where the car’s tires go. The rubber from the tires makes that the smoothest part of the road.
Can I add another factor in there (if I may be so bold). I also see (and have also done) several racers in HIM and IM’s wearing cycling jersey’s that fit much looser than say a tri-suit. What is the time savings for wearing a tri-suit versus cycling jersey…any research on that?