UK rider here. We’re told, and taught in schools, about Primary and Secondary position on the road. We now have 1.5m clearance that vehicles are expected to give cyclists or in theory have action taken for a close pass by the police. Effectively over taking vehicles on a two lane road need to go in to the other lane to pass, squeezing past in the same lane will be a close pass.
Secondary position is essentially the inside wheel track position of a car, not the gutter, for most riding. Primary position is middle of the lane when you need to assert your position where there is danger of people not seeing you around corners/ busy streets/squeezing past at traffic islands etx/ roundabout lanes and junctions.
Chris Boardman, who I assume any cyclist knows of, is very involved and vocal on the issues as the cycling and walking commissioner for Manchester.
I know people have had speeding tickets and being stopped in some busy London parks, but other than London I’m not aware of it. It’s pretty uncommon really.
Police knowledge and application of the law varies widely in the UK, but some forces, noteably West Midland Police, are very proactive in educating drivers on cycle least and close passes. Police in some rural locations I’ve lived don’t seem interested in protecting law abiding cyclists even with vidoe footage of incidents.
As for cyclists not obeying rules of the road, obviously it happens , some people are just dicks, but compared to the number of drivers speeding, drink/drug driving, on phones, not signalling, pulling out at junctions/through lights, uninsured and in unsafe vehicles, and the hazard and deaths that causes it is almost insignificant.