Carbon Steerer, visible steerer tube "safety"?

Yeah, I know the manufacturers specs: 1" visible steerer tube for 1" fork. 1 1/4" for 1 1/4" fork.

However I see a lot of longer steerer tubes out there (most of them ranging from 2-4"). I wonder how manufacturers come up with those values and how much “wiggle room” is considered to be “safe”?

Another 1"?

None at all?

Did anyone ever see a carbon steerer tube break?

Maybe some industry insiders or people who know how those numbers are established can chime in.

I have a Reynolds Ouzo Pro Peleton on my road bike. They specifically state 1" stack max for 1" and 1 1/2" for 1 1/8" for all their carbon steerer forks. Probably best not to argue with them.

http://www.reynoldscomposites.com/Manual.pdf

If so, quite a few bikes I have seen on the road and even for sale by reputable bike shops or online retailers are “unsafe”. This holds especially true for some Tri-bike setups.

I myself have been running about 1 1/2" for my 1" steerer and seem to be on the conservative side if I look around.