I have a P2C that came with a 12-25 ultegra. Had it for only one summer and did not do mad distances on it. Probably only somewhere between 1000-2000km
I had it switched to a 12-27 ultegra and it seems to me that it’s a lot noisier in all gears. Maybe it’s just an impression because I was without the bike for over a week while on vacation. Maybe it just needs a small adjustment to the derailleur. Maybe it’s normal for a 12-27. I don’t know.
But there should only be a problem here on the largest (27) ring getting too close to the derailleur (because that is the only gear that has changed). So this might not be the solution.
Alternatively… has it been a while since you’ve changed your chain? Do you have a tool to measure chain stretch? I ask because putting on a new cassette with a worn chain could easily lead to noise and shifting problems. You would not have noticed this with your old cassette because both chain and cassette would have been worn to the same degree.
Assuming it’s Shimano 10sp on a non-Shimano 10 speed specific wheelset…did you include the little spacer ring on the freehub in back of the cassette? Chain length also a possibility. Also try cranking the B-screw a turn & see what happens.
I think MarcK is on the money here. If the builder cuts a chain for good performance on a 12-21 or 12-23, it’ll likely be fine on a 12-25. But maybe not on a 12-27. Does the noise happen on all cogs, or just the bigger ones?
It’s possible that the “B” screw needs a small adjustment to pivot the derailleur a little more toward the back of the bike. If the noise is big sprocket only, that could be it.