I’m curious how this works too, blows my mind!

Yes. Butyl tubes require a specific chemical reaction between the fluid and patch in order to get a reliably good bond, but latex bonds pretty nicely to itself with just vulcanizing fluid. I usually smear some Rema on both the tube and latex patch, wait the usual 45 seconds or whatever, and press them together.

You can also patch them using old bits of latex tube and super glue.

Yes, and get an 8oz jar of Elmer's Rubber Cement from the craft section.

Clean the "patch" and tube with alcohol. No roughening. Brush glue onto both surfaces. Wait a minute. Apply patch and smooth out. Wait another minute. Apply talc, and install.